Treated silicas and metal silicates for improved cleaning in dentifrice

ABSTRACT

Treated silica materials are disclosed, together with methods of making such materials and dentifrice compositions comprising the treated silica materials.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/727,831, filed on Nov. 19,2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to silica and silicate materials, andspecifically to treated silica and metal silicate materials that canprovide improved cleaning properties in a dentifrice composition.

2. Technical Background

Conventional dentifrice compositions comprise an abrasive substance toassist in the removal of dental deposits. One such dental deposit ispellicle, a protein film which adheres strongly to tooth surfaces andoften contains brown or yellow materials that can result in toothdiscoloration. A dentifrice should be sufficiently abrasive to clean thetooth surface, but not so abrasive as to damage the hard tissues of thetooth.

The performance of the dentifrice can thus be highly sensitive to theaggressiveness of the abrasive substance. Synthetic low-structure silicamaterials have been utilized as abrasive substances due to theireffectiveness as abrasives, as well as their low toxicitycharacteristics and compatibility with other dentifrice components, suchas sodium fluoride.

To date, conventional abrasive materials have limitations associatedwith maximizing cleaning and minimizing dentin abrasion, as well ascomplexity in terms of manufacturing procedures. Accordingly, thereexists a general need to develop new dental abrasives and dentifricesthereof that exhibit high pellicle film cleaning properties and haveacceptable dentin abrasion levels. This need and other needs aresatisfied by the compositions and methods of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied andbroadly described herein, this disclosure, in one aspect, relates tosilica and silicate materials, and specifically to treated silica andmetal silicate materials that can provide improved cleaning propertiesin a dentifrice.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing asilica material, the method comprising: heat treating a silica materialcomprising a metal compound, wherein the metal has a Mohs hardness valueof at least about 5.5 in its oxide form, and wherein heat treatingcomprises heating the silica material at a temperature and for a periodof time sufficient to dehydrate at least a portion of the metal compounddisposed on a surface of the material.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing adentifrice composition, the method comprising: heat treating a silicamaterial at a temperature of from about 400° C. to about 900° C. to forma heat treated silica material, and then contacting the heat treatedsilica material with one or more dentifrice components to form adentifrice composition.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a silica materialhaving one or more of the following: a metal ion disposed on a surfacethereof at a concentration of up to about 10 wt. %; a loss on ignitionat 900° C. of less than about 3 wt. %; or an increased degree ofpolymerization as compared to a conventional silica material not exposedto a heat treatment step.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a silica materialhaving an increased Einlehner abrasion value of at least about 150%, ascompared to a conventional non heat treated precipitated silica andhaving an increase in RDA value still within the acceptable RDA rangeafter heat treatment, as compared to a conventional non heat treatedprecipitated silica.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a dentifricecomposition comprising the silica material of any of the precedingclaims

Additional aspects of the invention will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or can be learned by practice of the invention. Theadvantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means ofthe elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appendedclaims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing generaldescription and the following detailed description are exemplary andexplanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to thefollowing detailed description of the invention and the Examplesincluded therein.

Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, systems, devices,and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood thatthey are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwisespecified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as suchcan, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminologyused herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only andis not intended to be limiting. Although any methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, example methods andmaterials are now described.

All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by referenceto disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection withwhich the publications are cited.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, example methods andmaterials are now described.

As used herein, unless specifically stated to the contrary, the singularforms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a filler”or “a solvent” includes mixtures of two or more fillers, or solvents,respectively.

As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that thesubsequently described event or circumstance can or can not occur, andthat the description includes instances where said event or circumstanceoccurs and instances where it does not.

For purposes of this invention, a “dentifrice” has the meaning definedin Oral Hygiene Products and Practice, Morton Pader, Consumer Scienceand Technology Series, Vol. 6, Marcel Dekker, N Y 1988, p. 200, which isincorporated herein by reference. Namely, a “dentifrice” is “ . . . asubstance used with a toothbrush to clean the accessible surfaces of theteeth. Dentifrices are primarily composed of water, detergent,humectant, binder, flavoring agents, and a finely powdered abrasive asthe principal ingredient . . . a dentifrice is considered to be anabrasive-containing dosage form for delivering anti-caries agents to theteeth.” Dentifrice formulations contain ingredients which must bedissolved prior to incorporation into the dentifrice formulation (e.g.anti-caries agents such as sodium fluoride, sodium phosphates, flavoringagents such as saccharin).

The Brass Einlehner (BE) Abrasion test used to measure the hardness ofthe precipitated silicas/silica gels reported in this application isdescribed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,916, incorporated herein byreference, involves an Einlehner AT-1000 Abrader generally used asfollows: (1) a Fourdrinier brass wire screen is weighed and exposed tothe action of a 10% aqueous silica suspension for a fixed length oftime; (2) the amount of abrasion is then determined as milligrams brasslost from the Fourdrinier wire screen per 100,000 revolutions. Theresult, measured in units of mg loss, can be characterized as the 10%brass Einlehner (BE) abrasion value.

The Radioactive Dentin Abrasion (RDA) values of dentifrices containingthe silica compositions used in this invention are determined accordingto the method set forth by Hefferen, Journal of Dental Res., July-August1976, 55 (4), pp. 563-573, and described in Wason U.S. Pat. Nos.4,340,583, 4,420,312 and 4,421,527, which publications and patents areincorporated herein by reference.

The cleaning property of dentifrice compositions is typically expressedin terms of Pellicle Cleaning Ratio (“PCR”) value. The PCR test measuresthe ability of a dentifrice composition to remove pellicle film from atooth under fixed brushing conditions. The PCR test is described in “InVitro Removal of Stain with Dentifrice” G. K. Stookey, et al., J. DentalRes., 61, 1236-9, 1982. Both PCR and RDA results vary depending upon thenature and concentration of the components of the dentifricecomposition. PCR and RDA values are unitless.

Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions ofthe invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used withinthe methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosedherein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets,interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that whilespecific reference of each various individual and collectivecombinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitlydisclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. Forexample, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and anumber of modifications that can be made to a number of moleculesincluding the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is eachand every combination and permutation of the compound and themodifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to thecontrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed aswell as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combinationmolecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individuallyrecited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaningcombinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considereddisclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is alsodisclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E wouldbe considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of thisapplication including, but not limited to, steps in methods of makingand using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are avariety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood thateach of these additional steps can be performed with any specificembodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of theinvention.

Each of the materials disclosed herein are either commercially availableand/or the methods for the production thereof are known to those ofskill in the art.

It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certainfunctions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements forperforming the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there area variety of structures that can perform the same function that arerelated to the disclosed structures, and that these structures willtypically achieve the same result.

As briefly described above, the present disclosure provides silica andsilicate materials that can be used in dentifrice compositions, methodsfor the preparation thereof, and dentifrice compositions comprising theinventive silica and silicate materials.

In the oral care industry, it would be desirable to have dentifricematerials with improved cleaning properties. It would also beadvantageous for such dentifrice materials to exhibit moderate dentinand enamel abrasion properties, so as to not damage teeth duringrepeated use. Zinc and phosphate salts have been added to dentifricematerials and can result in small improvements in pellicle cleaningratios (PCR), but further improvements are needed. Manufacturers havetraditionally used high hardness abrasive materials, such as a-alumina(i.e., corundum), but these materials can be expected to exhibit higherlevels of enamel abrasion (REA) and a lack of fluoride availability.

In one aspect, the silica materials of the present disclosure canprovide improved cleaning (e.g., PCR), while maintaining desirable RDAand/or REA values. In a further aspect, the silica materials can alsoprovide desirable fluoride availability. In various aspects, the silicamaterials of the present disclosure comprise heat treated silicamaterials. In another aspect, the silica materials of the presentdisclosure comprise one or more metal ions present in their oxide form.

In one aspect, precipitated silica materials can be produced by thedestabilization and precipitation of amorphous silica from solublealkaline silicates by the addition of a mineral acid, acid gas, oracidulating agent under conditions in which primary particles initiallyformed tend to associate with each other, but without agglomeration intoa three-dimensional gel structure.

Silica

Silica materials suitable for use in dentifrice compositions cancomprise synthetically produced, precipitated silicas. In one aspect,the silica material can be a low-structure silica material. These silicamaterials can be produced using various procedures. In one aspect, asilicate compound, such as, for example, sodium silicate, can becontacted with a mineral acid to form a silicate solution. The silicatesolution can then be combined with sulfuric acid and amorphous silicaparticles can be precipitated.

The silicate compound can comprise any silicate compound suitable foruse in preparing a precipitated silica material. In various aspects, anysuitable alkali metal silicate can be used with the methods describedherein, including metal silicates, disilicates, and the like. In oneaspect a water soluble silicate, such as, for example, a potassiumsilicate, a sodium silicate, or a combination thereof, can be used. Inother aspects, a silicate compound having a desirable metal:silicatemolar ratio (MR) can be selected. For example, sodium silicates cangenerally have a metal:silicate molar ratio of from about 1:1 to about1:3.5. In one aspect, the silicate compound can have a molar ratio offrom about 1:1 to about 1:3.5, for example, about 1:1, 1:1.25, 1:1.5,1:1.75, 1:2, 1:2.25; 1:2.5; 1:2.75; 1:3, 1:3.25, or 1:3.5; or from about1:2.5 to about 1:3.5, for example, about 1:2.5; 1:2.75; 1:3, 1:3.25, or1:3.5. In another aspect, the silicate compound can have a molar ratioof about 1:3.32.

In one aspect, the silicate compound, such as, for example, sodiumsilicate, can be contacted with a mineral acid to produce a silicatesolution. In general, any mineral acid capable of at least partiallydissolving the silicate compound and forming a silicate solution can beused. In another aspect, the selection of a particular mineral acid canvary, depending upon the specific silicate compound being used. Invarious aspects, the mineral acid can comprise nitric acid, hydrochloricacid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or a combinationthereof. In other aspects, other suitable acids can be utilized inaddition to or in lieu of any acid specifically recited herein. Thesilicate compound and acid can be contacted in any suitable ratio so asto provide a solution having a desirable silicate concentration. In oneaspect, the solution comprises from about 8 wt. % to about 35 wt. %silicate, for example, about 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27,29, 31, 33, or 35 wt. % silicate. In another aspect, the solutioncomprises from about 8 wt. % to about 20 wt. % silicate, for example,about 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, or 20 wt. % silicate. In a specific aspect,the silicate solution can comprise about 19.5 wt. % silicate. In otheraspects, the resulting silicate solution can have a silicateconcentration less than or greater than any value specifically recitedherein, and the present disclosure is intended to cover such solutions.In still other aspects, silicate solutions are commercially availableand can be purchased and utilized as-is (e.g., from Sigma-AlrichCorporation, St. Louis, Mo., USA).

In another aspect, the silicate solution can have a silicateconcentration of from about 2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, for example,about 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or10 wt. %. In yet another aspect a silicate solution having a higherconcentration, for example, about 20 wt. %, can be diluted in water to alower concentration as described herein. For example, a quantity of a19.5 wt. % silicate solution can be diluted to a concentration of about5.5 wt. %.

The silicate solution can optionally be heated, for example, to about75° C., about 80° C., about 85° C., about 87° C., about 90° C., orhigher, and/or stirred.

Dopant Metal

In one aspect, the resulting precipitated silica material comprises oneor more metal ions. In another aspect, the metal ions, if present, havea Mohs hardness value of at least about 5.5 in their oxide form. Invarious aspects, the metal ions can comprise aluminum, tin, or acombination thereof. In other aspects, other metal ions not specificallyrecited herein can be used, and the present disclosure is not intendedto be limited to the metal ions recited herein. In a specific aspect,the metal ion comprises aluminum.

A metal ion, if present, can be introduced using a salt, for example, asoluble salt of the metal. In one aspect, such a metal salt can be atleast partially solvated in an aqueous solution, a sulfuric acidsolution, or a silicate solution. In one aspect, the metal salt cancomprise a sulfate, a nitrate, a phosphate, a carbonate, or acombination thereof. In another aspect, the metal salt can comprise asulfate, a nitrate, or a combination thereof. In various exemplaryaspects, the metal salt can comprise aluminum sulfate, stannous nitrate,or a combination thereof.

The silicate solution, metal salt, and an acidulating agent, such as,for example, sulfuric acid, can then be contacted. The concentrationand/or pH of the acidulating agent can be any concentration and/or pHsuitable for use in preparing a precipitated silica material. In variousaspects, the acidulating agent can comprise from about 5 wt. % to about35 wt. % sulfuric acid, for example, about 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, or 35 wt. %; or from about 12 wt. % to about22 wt. % sulfuric acid, for example, about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17 wt.% sulfuric acid.

In one aspect, one or more metal salts can be dissolved in theacidulating agent prior to contacting with the silicate. In anotheraspect, the metal salt, if present, can be dissolved in water or anacidic solution to be subsequently contacted with the acidulating agentand/or silicate solution. The concentration of the metal salt can vary,depending upon the reaction conditions and concentration of otherreactants, and the present invention is not intended to be limited toany particular metal salt concentration. In one aspect, the metal saltconcentration can be from about 0.2 N to about 0.4 N, for example, about0.2, 0.22. 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, or 0.4N. In another aspect, a sulfuric acid solution comprising, for example,aluminum sulfate, can have an aluminum concentration of from about 0.10mol/L to about 0.20 mol/L, for example, about 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13,0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, or 0.20 mol/L. Similarly, a sulfuricacid solution comprising, for example, stannous nitrate, can have a tinconcentration of from about 0.25 mol/L to about 0.35 mol/L, for example,about 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, or0.35 mol/L

In a specific aspect, a quantity of diluted, for example, about 5.5 wt.%, silicate solution can be disposed in a vessel, and then additionalsilicate solution and a solution of sulfuric acid containing a dissolvedmetal salt can simultaneously or substantially simultaneously be addedto the vessel. In such an aspect, the solution in the vessel canoptionally be heated and/or stirred during reaction.

The silicate solution and acidulating agent, for example, comprising thedissolved metal salt, can be added to the vessel over a period of time.In one aspect, the silicate solution, acidulating agent, metal salt, orany combination thereof, can be added slowly so as to allow at leastpartial mixing in the reaction vessel. In another aspect, the silicatesolution and the acidulating agent can be added simultaneously orsubstantially simultaneously. In various aspects, the addition ratio ofsilicate solution to acidulating agent, for example, comprising a metalsalt, if present, can be about from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.6, forexample, about 1:0.1, 1:0.15, 1:0.2, 1:0.25, 1:0.3, 1:0.33, 1:0.35,1:0.4, 1:0.45, 1:0.5, 1:0.55, 1:0.6. In another aspect, the additionratio of silicate solution to acidulating agent can be about 1:0.33,such that, for example, the silicate solution is added at a rate ofabout 1.1 L/min and optionally a metal salt containing sulfuric acidsolution is simultaneously added at a rate of about 0.33 L/min.

The silicate solution and acidulating agent can be added for a fixedperiod of time or until exhausted. In one aspect, addition of thesilicate solution can be stopped after a period of time, whereinaddition of the acidulating agent continues for an additional period oftime. In one aspect, the addition of the acidulating agent can becontinued until a desired pH is reached in the reaction vessel. In suchan aspect, the acidulating agent can be added until the pH in thereaction vessel is from about 4.5 to about 6.5, for example, about 4.5,4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6,6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, or 6.5; or from about 5.3 to about 5.7, for example,about 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, or 5.7.

In another aspect, addition of the silicate solution and/or acidulatingagent can be stopped at any desired time and the pH of the reactionvessel subsequently adjusted to a desired value.

In another aspect, the silicate solution can be neutralized or at leastpartially neutralized by contacting with a metal salt or a solutionthereof, without the need for an acid.

After contacting the silicate solution, the acidulating agent, and themetal salt, the resulting solution can be allowed to digest for a periodof time. In one aspect, the solution can be allowed to digest at atemperature of about 90° C. for a period of at least about 10 minutes.In other aspects, a digestion step, if performed, can be performed forany suitable length of time and at any suitable temperature, and one ofskill in the art, in possession of this disclosure, could readilydetermine appropriate digestion conditions. After digestion, theresulting precipitated silica material can be separated, for example, byfiltration, from the solution. The separated silica material canoptionally be washed to remove all or a portion of the acid and anyunreacted, dissolved silicate or metal salt. In one aspect, theseparated silica material can be washed, for example, with deionizedwater, until a conductivity of about 1,500 μS is reached. In otheraspects, the separated silica material can be utilized as-is, or can bewashed to a greater or lesser extent that that specifically describedherein. In another aspect, the precipitated silica material can bedried, for example, by placing in a 105° C. oven overnight. In anotheraspect, the precipitated silica material can be spray dried.

If desired, the precipitated silica material can optionally be processedto achieve a desired average particle size or particle sizedistribution. In various aspects, the precipitated silica can be milledand/or ground to a desired average particle size, for example, of about10 μm.

In one aspect, the reaction (e.g., contacting) of the silicate solution,acidulating agent, and metal salt can be conducted at an elevatedtemperature and/or while stirring so as to avoid the formation of a gelor aggregation of silica particles. In other aspects, it should beunderstood that the method of contacting and/or mixing, concentrationand addition rates of reactants, temperature, and pH can each affect theproperties of the resulting precipitated silica.

In one aspect, the preparation of a precipitated silica can be conductedas described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,739,073, 2,848,346, and5,891,421, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entiretyfor the purpose of disclosing methods for preparing precipitated silicamaterials. In other aspects, one of skill in the art, in possession ofthis disclosure, could readily determine appropriate reactants andreaction conditions to prepare a desired precipitate silica. In anotheraspect, the process to prepare a precipitated silica containing a metalion as described herein can be performed in a batch process, asemi-continuous process, or a continuous process. In one aspect, all ora portion of the steps are performed in a batch process. In anotheraspect, the process can be at least partially continuous, wherein asilicate solution and an acidulating agent comprising a dissolved metalsalt can be continuously fed into a loop reaction zone, wherein at leasta portion of the acidulating agent, metal salt, and silicate react toform a precipitated silica.

Heat Treatment

In one aspect, the precipitated silica material prepared as describedabove likely comprises one or more hydrated metal species. As thesespecies are typically soft, a heating step can be used to dehydrate themetal centers on the silica surface and produce, for example, metaloxides. In another aspect, the precipitated silica material can beprepared without the use of a metal salt having a desirable Mohshardness. Any of a silica material prepared with a metal salt having adesirable Mohs hardness, a silica material prepared without such a metalsalt, or a combination thereof, can be subjected to a heat treatmentstep as described herein.

The specific time and temperature at which a precipitated silica can beheated can vary. In one aspect, the precipitated silica can be heatedfor a time and at a temperature sufficient to increase the degree ofpolymerization in the Si framework of the material. In another aspect,the precipitated silica can be heated for a time and at a temperaturesufficient to dehydrate metals that can be present on the surface of thesilica material. In another aspect, the precipitated silica can beheated for a time and at a temperature sufficient to dehydrate at leasta portion of metal ions present on the silica surface. In yet anotheraspect, the precipitated silica can be heated at a temperature less thanthat needed to induce significant phase transitions or morphologychanges to the material. In still other aspects, the precipitated silicacan be heated such that meso and macro porosity of the silica materialare not significantly altered by the heat treatment.

In one aspect, the precipitated silica can be heated at a temperature offrom about 400° C. to about 900° C., for example, about 400, 450, 500,550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, or 900° C. In another aspect, theprecipitated silica can be heated at a temperature of from about 450° C.to about 650° C., for example about 450, 500, 550, 600, or 650° C. Itshould be appreciated that the time needed to dehydrate all or a portionof the metal species, if present on a silica surface, can vary dependingon the temperature at which the material is heated. In one aspect, aprecipitated silica can be heated at a temperature of about 550° C. fora period of greater than about 8 hours.

Heat Treated Silica Material

After heat treatment, the resulting silica material can optionally havea metal concentration (i.e., of the metal from the one or more metalsalts) of up to about 10 wt. %, for example, about 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5,1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7,7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 wt. %. In another aspect, the resultingsilica material can have a metal concentration of up to about 5 wt. %,for example, In yet other aspects, the resulting silica material canhave a metal concentration of from about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. %, forexample, about 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5,3.75, or 4 wt. %.

In another aspect, the resulting silica material can have aluminum oxidepresent on the surface thereof, for example, at a concentration of fromabout 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. %. In yet another aspect, the resultingsilica material can be absent of or substantially absent of a metaloxide, for example, when a metal salt dopant is not utilized.

In another aspect, the resulting silica material can exhibit a loss onignition at 900° C. of less than about 3 wt. %, for example, about 1,1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 wt. %. In another aspect, the resulting silicamaterial can exhibit a log on ignition at 900° C. of less than about 4wt. %. In one aspect, conventional precipitated silica materialstypically have loss on ignition values at 900° C. of between 4 and 6,whereas silica materials prepared as described herein, including heattreatment, can have a loss on ignition at 900° C. of about 2.5 or less.

In yet another aspect, the increased degree of polymerization ascompared to a conventional precipitated silica can be detected viaanalytical techniques, such as, for example, solid state ²⁹Si NuclearMagnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Solid State NMR can be a powerful technique for determining thecoordination environments of, for example, silicon atoms and the degreeof polymerization of, for example, a siliceous solid. In solid state²⁹Si NMR, silicon species can be identified as M, D^(l), T^(m), andQ^(n) (mono, di, tri and quaternary), denoting the degree of oxygensubstitution on the central silicon atom, wherein the superscripts l, mand n refer to the number of (—O—Si) linkages. Therefore,Q^(n)=Si(OSi)_(n)(OR)_(4-n) (n=1-4), T^(m)=RSi(OSi)_(m)(OR)_(3-m)(m=1-3), D^(l)=R₂Si(OSi)_(l)(OR)_(2-l) (l=1-2) and M=R₃Si(OSi), where Ris some other group, such as, for example, an organic group or hydrogenatom. As it pertains to inorganic siliceous materials disclosed herein,the quaternary species would be of greatest interest. Accordingly, areduction in the silanol containing Q² and Q³ species with acorresponding increase in the fully polymerized Q⁴ species can beexpected upon heat treatment as described herein.

In another aspect, enhanced resolution of the resulting spectra can beobtained by employing “magic angle spinning” (MAS) where the sample ofinterest is put into a rotor and spun at high speeds, for example, >3000rpm, while being tilted at the “magic angle” of 54.74° with respect tothe applied magnetic field. In such an aspect, this angle can beutilized because most of the interactions that cause broadening (dipolarinteractions, chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and differences incrystallite orientations) have an angular dependence of 3 cos² θ−1,wherein θ is the angle between the applied magnetic field and theprincipal axis. In such an aspect, if θ=57.74°, 3 cos² θ−1=0 and thebroadening effects are minimized. In addition, spinning at high rpmeffectively can allow for averaging of the species since these solidmaterials are held in a fixed orientation. Therefore, ²⁹Si MAS-NMR inessence can produce relatively detailed information on the compositionof siliceous materials and any changes that can occur under variousconditions.

In one aspect, the pellicle cleaning ratio of the inventive silicamaterial and/or a dentifrice comprising the inventive silica materialcan be higher than a comparable precipitated silica not subjected to aheat treatment step and/or not having a metal oxide on the surfacethereof. In another aspect, the pellicle cleaning ratio can be improvedby at least about 10%, for example, about 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25%,or more using the preparation methods described herein. In otheraspects, the pellicle cleaning ration of the resulting silica materialcan range from about 90 to about 110, for example, about 90, 92, 94, 96,98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, or 110. In other aspects, the pelliclecleaning ratio of the resulting silica material can be higher than 110,and the present invention is not intended to be limited to anyparticular pellicle cleaning ratio.

After heat treatment, the Einlehner abrasion values of the resultingsilica material are significantly increased. In various aspects, theEinlehner abrasion values increase from about 90% to about 450%, forexample, about 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250,250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, or 250%; or from about 120% toabout 200%, for example, about 120, 125, 130, 125, 140, 145, 150, 160,170, 180, 190, or 200% after heat treatment. In another aspect, theEinlehner abrasion value increases about 150% after heat treatment. Inconventional precipitates silica materials, changes in the Einlehnerabrasion values typically correspond to changes in RDA and/or REAvalues. Such a large increase in dentin abrasion would be unacceptablefor use in dentifrice materials as continued use would result in damageto the tooth tissues. Surprisingly, the inventive precipitated silicamaterials exhibit significant increases in Einlehner abrasion values, asdescribed above, without corresponding changes in RDA and/or REA values.In one aspect, Einlehner abrasion can be significantly increased whilemaintaining a desirable RDA and/or REA value. In another aspect, the RDAvalue of the resulting silica material can remain substantially the sameor exhibit a small, acceptable increase after heat treatment. In oneaspect, the RDA value after heat treatment remains within about 5% ofthe original value (prior to heat treatment). In another aspect, the RDAvalue can increase by up to about 25%, for example, about 5, 8, 12, 15,18, 21, or 25% after heat treatment. In yet another aspect, the increasein RDA can be about 10% of the corresponding increase in Einlehnerabrasion after heat treatment. For example, a heat treated precipitatedsilica, prepared using aluminum sulfate, can exhibit an increase inEinlehner abrasion after heat treatment of about 215%, whereas thecorresponding RDA value increases by only about 22% after heattreatment. Thus, in one aspect, the methods of the present disclosureallow for the decoupling of Einlehner abrasion values and RDA/REAabrasion values. The techniques described herein can provide adentifrice abrasion compound capable of providing improved pelliclecleaning ratio without damaging tooth tissues.

Dentifrice Composition

The inventive precipitated silica materials can be ready-to-useadditives in the preparation of oral cleaning compositions, such asdentifrices, toothpastes, and the like. In one aspect, the heat treatedprecipitated silica material can be combined with one or more dentifricecomponents, such as, for example, abrasives, rheological aids,whiteners, sweeteners, flavoring additives, surfactants, colorants, orother components to form a dentifrice composition. If combined withother abrasives (such as any of the products offered by J. M. HuberCorporation under the trade name ZEODENT®), such an abrasive may beadded in any amount. In one aspect, the inventive silica material can beused at a loading of about 20 wt. % in the dentifrice composition. Inother aspects, the inventive silica material can be used in excess of20% and up to about 25 wt. %, 30 wt. %, 35 wt. % or more.

The inventive silica material can be utilized alone as the cleaningagent component in a dentifrice compositions or in combination with oneor more other abrasive materials. Thus, a combination of the inventivematerials with other abrasives physically blended therewith within asuitable dentifrice formulation can be useful to accord targeted dentalcleaning and abrasion results at a desired protective level. Thus, anynumber of other conventional types of abrasive additives may be presentwithin inventive dentifrices in accordance with this invention. Othersuch abrasive particles include, for example, and without limitation,precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), ground calcium carbonate (GCC),dicalcium phosphate or its dihydrate forms, silica gel (and of anystructure), amorphous precipitated silica (by itself, and of anystructure as well), perlite, titanium dioxide, calcium pyrophosphate,hydrated alumina, calcined alumina, insoluble sodium metaphosphate,insoluble potassium metaphosphate, insoluble magnesium carbonate,zirconium silicate, aluminum silicate, and so forth, can be introducedwithin the desired abrasive compositions to tailor the polishingcharacteristics of the target formulation (dentifrices, for example,etc.), if desired, as well.

In addition, as noted above, the inventive silica material can be usedin conjunction with other abrasive materials, such as precipitatedsilica, silica gel, dicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate,calcium metasilicate, calcium pyrophosphate, alumina, calcined alumina,aluminum silicate, precipitated and ground calcium carbonate, chalk,bentonite, particulate thermosetting resins and other suitable abrasivematerials known to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

In addition to the abrasive component, a dentifrice can optionallycomprise one or more organoleptic enhancing agents. Organolepticenhancing agents include humectants, sweeteners, surfactants,flavorants, colorants and thickening agents, (also sometimes known asbinders, gums, or stabilizing agents). Humectants serve to add body or“mouth texture” to a dentifrice as well as prevent the dentifrice fromdrying out. Suitable humectants can comprise polyethylene glycol (at avariety of different molecular weights), propylene glycol, glycerin(glycerol), erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, andhydrogenated starch hydrolyzates, as well as mixtures of thesecompounds. Typical levels of humectants, if present, can range fromabout 20 wt % to about 30 wt % of a dentifrice composition.

Sweeteners can be added to a dentifrice composition to impart a pleasingtaste to the product. Suitable sweeteners include saccharin (as sodium,potassium or calcium saccharin), cyclamate (as a sodium, potassium orcalcium salt), acesulfane-K, thaumatin, neohisperidin dihydrochalcone,ammoniated glycyrrhizin, dextrose, levulose, sucrose, mannose, andglucose.

In one aspect, surfactants can also be used in a dentifrice compositionto make the composition more cosmetically acceptable. A surfactant, ifused, can be a detersive material which imparts to the compositiondetersive and foaming properties. Surfactants are safe and effectiveamounts of anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric andbetaine surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, alkali metal or ammonium salts of lauroylsarcosinate, myristoyl sarcosinate, palmitoyl sarcosinate, stearoylsarcosinate and oleoyl sarcosinate, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonostearate, isostearate and laurate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate,N-lauroyl sarcosine, the sodium, potassium, and ethanolamine salts ofN-lauroyl, N-myristoyl, or N-palmitoyl sarcosine, polyethylene oxidecondensates of alkyl phenols, cocoamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropylbetaine, palmityl betaine and the like can be used in a dentifricetogether with the inventive silica material. A surfactant, if present,is typically used in an amount of about 0.1 to about 15% by weight,preferably about 0.3% to about 5% by weight, such as from about 0.3% toabout 2%, by weight.

Flavoring agents optionally can be added to dentifrice compositions.Suitable flavoring agents include, but are not limited to, oil ofwintergreen, oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint, oil of sassafras, andoil of clove, cinnamon, anethole, menthol, thymol, eugenol, eucalyptol,lemon, orange and other such flavor compounds to add fruit notes, spicenotes, etc. These flavoring agents can comprise mixtures of aldehydes,ketones, esters, phenols, acids, and aliphatic, aromatic and otheralcohols.

In addition, colorants can be added to improve the aesthetic appearanceof the dentifrice product. Suitable colorants are selected fromcolorants approved by appropriate regulatory bodies such as the FDA andthose listed in the European Food and Pharmaceutical Directives andinclude pigments, such as TiO₂, and colors such as FD&C and D&C dyes.

Thickening agents can, in various aspect, be useful in the dentifricecompositions of the present invention to provide a gelatinous structurethat stabilizes the toothpaste against phase separation. Suitablethickening agents include silica thickener; starch; glycerite of starch;gums such as gum karaya (sterculia gum), gum tragacanth, gum arabic, gumghatti, gum acacia, xanthan gum, guar gum and cellulose gum; magnesiumaluminum silicate (Veegum); carrageenan; sodium alginate; agar-agar;pectin; gelatin; cellulose compounds such as cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl carboxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, and sulfated cellulose; natural andsynthetic clays such as hectorite clays; as well as mixtures of thesecompounds. Typical levels of thickening agents or binders can range fromabout 0 wt % to about 15 wt % of a dentifrice composition.

Therapeutic agents are optionally used in the compositions of thepresent invention to provide for the prevention and treatment of dentalcaries, periodontal disease and temperature sensitivity. Examples oftherapeutic agents, without intending to be limiting, are fluoridesources, such as sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, potassiummonofluorophosphate, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodiumfluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate and the like; condensedphosphates such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate, disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate, trisodium monohydrogenpyrophosphate; tripolyphosphates, hexametaphosphates, trimetaphosphatesand pyrophosphates, such as; antimicrobial agents such as triclosan,bisguanides, such as alexidine, chlorhexidine and chlorhexidinegluconate; enzymes such as papain, bromelain, glucoamylase, amylase,dextranase, mutanase, lipases, pectinase, tannase, and proteases;quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride (BZK),benzethonium chloride (BZT), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), anddomiphen bromide; metal salts, such as zinc citrate, zinc chloride, andstannous fluoride; sanguinaria extract and sanguinarine; volatile oils,such as eucalyptol, menthol, thymol, and methyl salicylate; aminefluorides; peroxides and the like. Therapeutic agents can be used indentifrice formulations singly or in combination at a therapeuticallysafe and effective level.

In another aspect, preservatives can also be optionally added to thecompositions of the present invention to prevent bacterial growth.Suitable preservatives approved for use in oral compositions such asmethylparaben, propylparaben and sodium benzoate, or combinationsthereof, may be added in safe and effective amounts.

The dentifrices disclosed herein can also a variety of additionalingredients such as desensitizing agents, healing agents, other cariespreventative agents, chelating/sequestering agents, vitamins, aminoacids, proteins, other anti-plaque/anti-calculus agents, opacifiers,antibiotics, anti-enzymes, enzymes, pH control agents, oxidizing agents,antioxidants, and the like. Water can be used in a dentifricecomposition to balance the composition, for example, from about 0 wt. %to about 60 wt. %, and provide desirable rheological properties.

In yet another aspect, silica thickeners for use within a dentifricecomposition can include, as a non-limiting example, an amorphousprecipitated silica such as ZEODENT® 165 silica. Other silica thickenerscan comprise ZEODENT® 163 and/or 167 and ZEOFREE® 153, 177, and/or 265silicas, all available from J. M. Huber Corporation, Havre de Grace Md.,U.S.A.

The present invention can be described by any of the following exemplaryand non-limiting aspects.

Aspect 1: A method for preparing a silica material, the methodcomprising heat treating a silica material comprising a metal compound,wherein the metal has a Mohs hardness value of at least about 5.5 in itsoxide form, and wherein heat treating comprises heating the silicamaterial at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient todehydrate at least a portion of the metal compound disposed on a surfaceof the material.

Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein heat treating comprisesheating the silica material at a temperature of at least about 400° C.for at least about 8 hours.

Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 1, wherein heat treating comprisesheating the silica material at a temperature of at least about 550° C.for at least about 8 hours.

Aspect 4: The method of Aspect 1, wherein, after heat treating, thesilica material has a metal concentration of up to about 10 wt. %.

Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the silica material isprepared by contacting a silicate solution, an acidulating agent, and asoluble metal salt, wherein the soluble metal salt comprises a metal ionhaving a Mohs hardness value of at least 5.5 in its oxide form.

Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, wherein the metal ion comprises one ormore of aluminum, tin, or a combination thereof

Aspect 7: The method of Aspect 5, wherein the metal ion comprisesaluminum.

Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 5, wherein the metal ion comprises tin.

Aspect 9: A silica material prepared by the method of Aspect 1.

Aspect 10: A dentifrice composition comprising the silica material ofAspect 9.

Aspect 11: A method for preparing a dentifrice material, the methodcomprising heat treating a silica material at a temperature of fromabout 400° C. to about 900° C. to form a heat treated silica material,and then contacting the heat treated silica material with one or moredentifrice components to form a dentifrice material.

Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 11, wherein heat treating comprisesheating the silica material at a temperature of at least about 400° C.for at least about 8 hours.

Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 11, wherein heat treating comprisesheating the silica material at a temperature of at least about 550° C.for at least about 8 hours.

Aspect 14: A dentifrice material prepared by the method of Aspect 11.

Aspect 15: A silica material having a loss on ignition at 900° C. ofless than about 3 wt. %.

Aspect 16: A silica material having one or more of the following: a) ametal ion disposed on a surface thereof at a concentration of up toabout 10 wt. %; b) a loss on ignition at 900° C. of less than about 3wt. %; or c) an increased degree of polymerization as compared to aconventional silica material not exposed to a heat treatment step.

Aspect 17: The silica material of Aspect 16, having a metal ion disposedon a surface thereof at a concentration of up to about 4 wt. %.

Aspect 18: The silica material of Aspect 16, having an increasedEinlehner abrasion value of at least about 150%, as compared to aconventional non heat treated precipitated silica.

Aspect 19: The silica material of Aspect 16, having an increase in RDAvalue of up to about 25% after heat treatment, as compared to aconventional non heat treated precipitated silica.

Aspect 20: A dentifrice composition comprising the silica material ofany preceding Aspect.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the present inventionwithout departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Otherembodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in theart from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how thecompounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed hereinare made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of theinvention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventorsregard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracywith respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but someerrors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicatedotherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is atambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1 Preparation of Silica Materials (Small Batch)

In a first example, metal doped silica materials were prepared usingaluminum sulfate and stannous nitrate. The inventive silica materialswere prepared on a two gallon scale, as described below.

Aluminum Sulfate

335 ml of sodium silicate solution (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 835ml of water were added to a 2 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. whilestirring at 300 RPM. Sodium silicate solution (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%, 1.12 g/mL, containing aluminum sulfate ata concentration of 0.15 mol alum/L acid solution) were thensimultaneously added at 64 ml/min and 19.5 ml/min, respectively, for 47minutes. After 47 minutes, the flow of silicate was stopped and the pHwas adjusted to 5.5 with a continued flow of acid. Once pH 5.5 wasreached, the batch was allowed to digest for 10 minutes at 90° C. Afterdigestion, the batch was filtered and washed to a conductivity of about1500 μS and was dried overnight at a temperature of 105° C. The batchwas then mechanically milled, for example, with a hammer mill, to anaverage particle size of approximately 10 μm. The batch was then splitinto two parts. A first portion of the batch was used without heattreatment. The second portion of the batch was heated overnight at atemperature of 550° C.

Stannous Nitrate

335 ml of silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 835 ml of water wereadded to the 2 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. with stirring at 300RPM. Silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%,1.12 g/mL, containing stannous nitrate at a concentration of 0.29 molstannous nitrate/L acid solution) were then simultaneously added at 64ml/min and 19.5 ml/min, respectively, for 47 minutes. After 47 minutes,the flow of silicate was stopped and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 withcontinued flow of acid. Once pH 5.5 was reached, the batch was allowedto digest for 10 minutes at 90° C. After digestion, the batch wasfiltered and washed to a conductivity of about 1500 μS and was driedovernight at a temperature of 105° C. The batch was then hammer milledto an average particle size of approximately 10 μm. The batch was thensplit into two parts. A first portion of the batch was used without heattreatment. The second portion of the batch was heated overnight at atemperature of 550° C.

The resulting samples were examined to determine a variety ofproperties. Fluoride compatibility was determined by adding 7.0 g ofsilica abrasive (or 4.0 g of silica thickener) to a centrifuge tubecontaining 30.0 g of a 1624 ppm solution of F. After mixing, thesolution was aged for 60 minutes on a rotating rack in an oven at 60° C.The samples were then centrifuged at 11,000 RPM for 15 minutes or untilthere were no silica particles remaining suspended in the solution. 10.0ml of the centrifuged solution was then added to 10 ml of TISAB IIbuffer solution and the fluoride concentration was determined byfluoride ion selective electrode.

Metal content was determined by ion coupled plasma/optical emissionspectroscopy (ICP/OES), wherein 2.0000 g of silica material was wet witha few drops of deionized water in a platinum crucible. 10 ml ofperchloric acid (72%) and 10 ml of hydrofluoric acid (48-50%) were addedand the platinum dish was slowly heated on a stir plate in a fume hood.As the platinum dish was heated, dense white fumes were evolved. Thesides of the crucible were then carefully rinsed with boric acid (4%)and it was subsequently heated to fumes. After cooling, the contents ofthe crucible were transferred to a 250 ml volumetric flask and thecrucible was washed with deionized water to make sure all remainingcontents were quantitatively transferred. The dish was then rinsed with5 ml of hydrochloric acid (36%) and the washings were added to thevolumetric flask. Approximately 200 ml of deionized water were thenadded to the volumetric flask, and if the resulting solution was cloudy,it was heated on a low temperature hot plate until it became clear.After cooling, 2.50 ml of a scandium internal standard solution wasadded and the volumetric flask was filled to the mark with deionizedwater. The concentrations of the metals in the solution were thendetermined by ICP/OES.

TABLE 1 Summary of Physical Properties of Silica Materials Preparedusing Aluminum and Tin Aluminum Tin Not Heat Not Heat Heated TreatedHeated Treated Aluminum Sulfate Stannous Nitrate Moisture (%) 3.6 1.64.7 0.8 BET (m²/g) 232 44 30 23 CTAB (m²/g) 44 40 84 45 Median particlesize (μm) 8.0 9.3 3.5 4.9 Sodium sulfate (%) <0.35 <0.35 <0.35 <0.35 Oilabsorption (cc/100 g) 54 50 46 48 5% Ph 8.2 8.4 9.0 8.1 Al (%) 1.28 1.390.07 0.06 Zn (%) — — — — Sn (%) — — 5.7 5.5 Ca (ppm) — — 518 405 Fe(ppm) 188 217 206 229 Mg (ppm) 48 49 32 44 Na₂O (%) 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.7Fluoride compatibility (%) 34 52 77 97 Einlehner (mg lost/100k 7.4 18.018.0 34.8 rev)

The chemical and physical properties from analysis of each of theprecipitates silica materials are illustrated in Table 1. The silicasproduced were low structure, with oil absorption values ranging from50-61 cc/100 g. The oil absorption and the CTAB values did notsubstantially change upon heating to 550° C., indicating that the mesoand macro porosity were not dramatically impacted by the heating step.Although the BET surface area was reduced in both cases, the reductionwas likely due to a collapse in volume in the micro porosity range. TheEinlehner values for all samples increased upon heating. While notwishing to be bound by theory, this increase was likely due to furtherpolymerization of the Si-O-Si groups in the silica particles and thedehydration of the metal adduct on the silica, resulting in theformation of a less hydrated metal oxide species. Since the heattreatment of the silica particles resulted in an increase in walldensity and an increase in the Mohs hardness of the metal oxide species(ex. 9.0 for alpha-alumina and −6.5 for stannous oxide), the resultingEinlehner values were increased. Fluoride availability values for themetal containing silica, with the exception of the aluminum containingsample, were not negatively impacted with the introduction of the metalspecies into the silica.

Example 2 Preparation of Silica Materials (Large Batch)

In a second example, silica materials were prepared in 30 gallonbatches, as described below.

Silica (No Metal Adduct)

5.6 L of silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 13.9 L of water wereadded to the 30 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. while stirring at150 RPM. Silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%,1.12 g/mL) were then simultaneously added at 1.1 L/min and 0.33 L/min,respectively, for 47 minutes. After 47 minutes, the flow of silicate wasstopped and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with continued flow of acid. OncepH 5.5 was reached, the batch was allowed to digest for 10 minutes at90° C. After digestion, the batch was filtered and washed to aconductivity of about 1500 μS and was spray dried. The batch was hammermilled to an average particle size of approximately 10 μm. The silicawas then split into two parts. One portion of the batch was utilizedwithout further heat treatment. The second portion of the batch washeated overnight at a temperature of 550° C.

Aluminum

5.6 L of silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 13.9 L of water wereadded to the 30 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. while stirring at150 RPM. Silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%,1.12 g/mL, containing 0.25 mol alum/L of acid solution) were thensimultaneously added at 1.1 L/min and 0.33 L/min, respectively, for 47minutes. After 47 minutes, the flow of silicate was stopped and the pHwas adjusted to 5.5 with continued flow of acid. Once pH 5.5 wasreached, the batch was allowed to digest for 10 minutes at 90° C. Afterdigestion, the batch was filtered and washed to a conductivity of ˜1500μS and was spray dried. The batch was hammer milled to an averageparticle size of approximately 10 μm. The silica was then split into twoparts. One portion of the batch was utilized without further heattreatment. The second portion of the batch was heated overnight at atemperature of 550° C.

Silica (No Metal Adduct)

1.9 L of silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 4.8 L of water wereadded to the 30 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. while stirring at150 RPM. Silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%,1.12 g/mL) were then simultaneously added at 1.1 L/min and 0.35 L/min,respectively, for 47 minutes. After 47 minutes, the flow of silicate wasstopped and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with continued flow of acid. OncepH 5.5 was reached, the batch was allowed to digest for 10 minutes at90° C. After digestion, the batch was filtered and washed to aconductivity of about 1500 μS and was spray dried. The batch was hammermilled to an average particle size of approximately 10 μm. The silicawas then split into two parts. One portion of the batch was utilizedwithout further heat treatment. The second portion of the batch washeated overnight at a temperature of 550° C.

Aluminum

1.9 L of silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and 4.8 L of water wereadded to the 30 gallon reactor and heated to 87° C. while stirring at150 RPM. Silicate (19.5%, 1.180 g/mL, 3.32 MR) and sulfuric acid (17.1%,1.12 g/mL, containing 0.25 mol alum/L of acid solution) were thensimultaneously added at 1.1 L/min and 0.35 L/min, respectively, for 47minutes. After 47 minutes, the flow of silicate was stopped and the pHwas adjusted to 5.5 with continued flow of acid. Once pH 5.5 wasreached, the batch was allowed to digest for 10 minutes at 90° C. Afterdigestion, the batch was filtered and washed to a conductivity of about1500 μS and was spray dried. The batch was hammer milled to an averageparticle size of approximately 10 p.m. The silica was then split intotwo parts. One portion of the batch was utilized without further heattreatment. The second portion of the batch was heated overnight at atemperature of 550° C.

Zeolex 7A

A control sample of Zeolex® 7A silica was split into equal portions. Oneportion was utilized without further heat treatment. The second portionwas heated overnight at a temperature of 550° C.

The physical properties of the silicas prepared in the 30-gallon reactorare shown in Table 2. Silica samples and their corresponding analoguescontaining ˜3% Al were prepared at structure levels ranges of ˜60-80 and45-60 cc/100 g. Heat treatment overnight at 550° C. resulted in a slightdecrease in oil absorption and water absorption values for all samplestested. The BET surfaced area values dropped considerably after heating,likely due to the collapse of microporosity in the samples. TheEinlehner values also increased for all samples tested, both with andwithout aluminum present.

TABLE 2 Summary of physical properties from 30-gallon batches SilicaSilica (no metal) Aluminum (no metal) Aluminum Zeolex 7A Not Not Not NotNot Heated Heated Heated Heated Heated Heated Heated Heated HeatedHeated Moisture (%) 5.9 0.7 7.4 0.1 4.9 0.2 4.1 0.8 0.6 BET (m²/g) 11840 311 98 63 29 282 69 119 CTAB (m²/g) 32 29 77 59 26 24 49 39 125Median 9.3 9.5 8.3 8.0 10.0 10.9 7.5 8.0 9.5 particle size (μm) Sodium1.38 1.91 1.95 2.13 0.89 1.42 1.38 1.64 sulfate (%) Oil absorption 79 7172 63 63 53 50 47 120 (cc/100 g) Water AbC 104 93 98 89 82 69 73 67 166(cc/100 g) 5% pH 7.8 7.2 7.7 8.6 8.8 8.3 7.9 8.7 7.3 LOI (%) 5.4 1.9 7.52.8 6.1 1.8 9.4 2.1 Al (%) 0.07 0.07 2.80 3.36 0.12 0.14 2.85 3.39 5.0Zn (%) — — — — — — — — — Sn (%) — — — — — — — — — Ca (ppm) 268 343 125129 714 786 220 272 — Fe (ppm) 218 198 145 173 178 189 142 161 — Mg(ppm) 82 96 72 87 343 366 122 145 — Na₂O (%) 0.92 1.04 2.40 2.88 1.011.17 2.32 2.69 — Powder XRD Amorphous Fluoride 96 99 30 39 89 99 33 43compatibility (%) Einlehner (mg 6.5 16.3 3.2 18.1 14.9 36.5 5.9 18.6lost/100k rev)

Silica and Aluminum samples were formulated into toothpaste compositionsat 20% loading, as described in Table 3, below. PCR and RDA testing wereperformed on the resulting toothpaste compositions.

TABLE 3 Toothpaste formulation used for PCR/RDA testing. Example # T1 T2T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Glycerin (99.7%) 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.0011.00 Sorbitol (70%) 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 DeionizedWater Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. PEG-12 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.003.00 3.00 Cekol 2000 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Tetrasodium 0.500.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 pyrophosphate Sodium saccharin 0.20 0.200.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Sodium fluoride 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.240.24 Thickening Silica Zeodent 165 1.50 Abrasive Silica Silica (nometal) - Not 20.00 — — — — — — Heat Treated Silica (no metal) - Heat —20.00 — — — — — Treated Aluminum - Not Heat — — 20.00 — — — — TreatedAluminum - Heat Treated — — — 20.00 — — — Zeodent 103 — — — — 20.00 — —Zeolex 7A - Not Heat — — — — — 20.00 — Treated Zeolex 7A - Heat Treated— — — — — — 20.00 Titanium dioxide 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50Sodium lauryl sulfate 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Flavor 0.650.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

TABLE 4 Summary of PCR/RDA results. Example# T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 PCR #1(IU, 20% 83 95 79 98 82 38 61 loading) PCR #2 (IU, 20% 101 109 94 104103 56 79 loading) Average PCR 92 102 87 101 93 47 70 PCR Increase (%)11 16 — 49 RDA (IU, 20% loading) 190 207 177 217 184 28 54

PCR testing indicated that both silica (without a metal adduct) andsilica samples containing aluminum achieved higher values after heattreatment. The average PCR increase for the silica sample was 11% andthe average increases for silica samples containing aluminum increasedby 16 and 49%. The RDA increased in each case, but the RDA values werestill in the normal range typically observed for precipitated silicaabrasives.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A dentifrice composition comprising: (i) aprecipitated silica material comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10wt. % of aluminum, and wherein the precipitated silica material ischaracterized by: a loss on ignition at 900° C. of less than about 3 wt.%; and a pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) at 20% loading of at least 90;and (ii) one or more dentifrice components selected from an abrasive, arheological aid, a whitener, a sweetener, a flavoring additive, asurfactant, a colorant, or a combination thereof.
 22. The composition ofclaim 21, wherein the precipitated silica material comprises from about1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of aluminum.
 23. The composition of claim 22,wherein the composition comprises up to 35 wt. % of the precipitatedsilica material.
 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein thecomposition comprises up to 30 wt. % of the precipitated silicamaterial.
 25. The composition of claim 21, wherein the precipitatedsilica material is further characterized by an Einlehner abrasion valuein a range from 18 to 34.8 mg lost/100,000 revolutions.
 26. Thecomposition of claim 21, wherein the precipitated silica material ischaracterized by a pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) at 20% loading of from90 to about
 110. 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein theprecipitated silica material comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt.% of aluminum.
 28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the compositioncomprises up to 35 wt. % of the precipitated silica material.
 29. Thecomposition of claim 26, wherein the composition comprises up to 30 wt.% of the precipitated silica material.
 30. The composition of claim 26,wherein the precipitated silica material is further characterized by anEinlehner abrasion value in a range from 18 to 34.8 mg lost/100,000revolutions.
 31. A dentifrice composition comprising: (i) a precipitatedsilica material comprising from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. % oftin, and wherein the precipitated silica material is characterized by: aloss on ignition at 900° C. of less than about 3 wt. %; and a pelliclecleaning ratio (PCR) at 20% loading of at least 90; and (ii) one or moredentifrice components selected from an abrasive, a rheological aid, awhitener, a sweetener, a flavoring additive, a surfactant, a colorant,or a combination thereof.
 32. The composition of claim 31, wherein theprecipitated silica material comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt.% of tin.
 33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the compositioncomprises up to 35 wt. % of the precipitated silica material.
 34. Thecomposition of claim 31, wherein the composition comprises up to 30 wt.% of the precipitated silica material.
 35. The composition of claim 31,wherein the precipitated silica material is further characterized by anEinlehner abrasion value in a range from 18 to 34.8 mg lost/100,000revolutions.
 36. The composition of claim 31, wherein the precipitatedsilica material is characterized by a pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) at20% loading of from 90 to about
 110. 37. The composition of claim 36,wherein the precipitated silica material comprises from about 1 wt. % toabout 4 wt. % of tin.
 38. The composition of claim 37, wherein thecomposition comprises up to 35 wt. % of the precipitated silicamaterial.
 39. The composition of claim 36, wherein the compositioncomprises up to 30 wt. % of the precipitated silica material.
 40. Thecomposition of claim 36, wherein the precipitated silica material isfurther characterized by an Einlehner abrasion value in a range from 18to 34.8 mg lost/100,000 revolutions.